Friday, May 31, 2019

Socialization test :: essays research papers

Socialization Test 21.     Social interaction is absolutely necessary for one to develop a sensory faculty of self and of oneness. Our sense of self is not an inherited or instinctual realization. Rather it is a co-developed fellow feeling of ourselves and those around us. We cant solely develop an understanding of who we truly are any easier than we could examine the features of our face w/o the use of a mirror. Social interaction is that mirror for us. Its allows us to collide with deep down of ourselves based on the interactions we have with others like us, or society as a whole. It allows us to make a sort of measuring stick to see where we stand in life. To develop a sense of who and where we are. Social interaction is the dominant creating feature in the way we view ourselves as humans and as members of society. Without social interaction we would never begin to be able to live at the mental capabilities that we have now. A good example of this I remem ber is to compare two dogs raised in different habitats.      The first dog will be an example of our society, it will be raised by a loving family who provides it with attention similar in itself to our own social interaction. The second will be left to raise itself in a kennel or what have you. The first dog, dog A, will learn things such as its own name. When you call to dog A using its name it will act to you where as the second dog, dog B, will not. Eventually you might get the second dog to come to you or to respond, but it wouldnt care what you said, it would plain respond to the noise it hears. Dog A however would respond to its name and its name alone. This demonstrates how the constant interaction between two beings helps to develop ones sense of self. 2.     Education plays a major part in our socialization by providing acting as a social institution. By this I base it is a place from which we draw interaction that stimulates us to further develop as social beings. Schools provide a uniform behavioral learning cast in relating to socialization that is not found within different families. This helps the children achieve a social "common ground" with which to base their relationships and interactions amongst each other.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Creating a Culture of Excellence Withing an Organization Essay

Culture of ExcellenceHigh standards of care are expected by patients and families regarding any type of health care. Creating a culture of rightness indoors an organization is needed to increase patient satisfaction and improve patient outcomes. This paper will examine a hospital that is creating a culture of excellence within the organization to ensure theses outcome. Committees within the organization have been implemented to examine all aspects of the hospital, and its operations to receive input to create change. This corporation is implementing exalted standards of care and practice that provide a culture of excellence. Reviewing current articles to understand what defines excellence, and the importance it has on an organizations. This paper will also summarize and analyze the reference of a unit manager involved with implementing a culture of excellence. Also this author will discuss nursing theories and standard of practice that lead to the rating of this particular topic. This paper will also look at how the authors journey through with(predicate) the bachelors program has changed her nursing profession, and the opportunities it will open in the future. Project DescriptionHow do we define a culture of excellence and then achieve it? Excellence, by definition, means a state of (high) quality, maestroity, eminently good, superior or first class(Wiggins & Hyrkas, 2011, p. 1). Most health care organizations depend on reimbursement from private insurance, Medicare/Medicaid, private pay, and investors. Reimbursements for Medicare/Medicaid depend partially on patient satisfaction, which is evaluated through Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS). These surveys evaluate all aspect of the patie... ...thor has learned valuable tools to ensure optimal communication and listing is done with everyone she encounters. The opportunity she has had to heighten new skill and enhance old ones has created many new oppo rtunities for her future. Works CitedAlligood, M. R., & Tomey, A. M. (2010). care for Theorists and their work (7th ed.). Maryland Heights, MO Mosby Elsevier.Behavioral standards Core Values. (2014). Presbyterian St Lukes Medical subject matter Health One.Cliff, B. (2012, May/June). Excellence in patient satisfaction within a patient-centered culture. Journal of Healthcare Management, 57, 157-159. http//dx.doi.org/Retrieved fromWiggins, M. S., & Hyrkas, K. (2011). Achieving excellence in nursing management. Journal of Nursing Management, 19, 1-4.Yoder-Wise, P. S. (2011). Leading and managing in nursing (5th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri Elsevier Mosby.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

The Selfish King in Shakespeares King Lear Essay -- King Lear Willia

The Selfish nance in Shakespeares King Lear In Shakespeares King Lear a king is stripped of his land, wealth, soldiers, and all of his power because he is stubborn, egocentric, and unkind. some other than losing money and power he loses his three daughters as well. Lear?s dress is so overwhelming that he is unwilling to allow anyone to contradict him. If anyone (besides his fool) even remotely hints that his actions were wrong he gets unnecessarily enraged. King Lear acts very harshly to his daughters and should receive the appropriate punishment. Although King Lear completely deserves what he gets and has put his youngest daughter through so much torture, he is not entirely awful. He is a respectable king who people look up to. When Kent informs Lear of his drastic mistake Lear?s pride takes control of him and he banishes his loyal friend, Kent. Kent is almost like a brother to Lear. He is Lear?s most trus ty friend and basically the king?s right hand man. Because Lear is so arrogant and proud, he will not accept any disagreement from anyone. Kent explains to Lear that he has made a mistake in banishing Cordelia and Lear explodes with fury at Kent. This is the response Kent receives in return for classing the king. ?To come betwixt our sentence and our power, which nor our nature nor our place can bear, our potency made good, take thy advantage ?turn thy hated back upon our kingdom. If ?thy banished trunk be found in our dominions, the moment is thy death.? (I.1.194-202). King Lear is saying that Kent is now a traitor, and since he points out a mistake in the king?s judgment he should be banished. If Kent shows his body in Lear?s kingdom once again h... ...ecisions. When Kent reveals that banishing Cordelia was an unwise determination Lear exiles Kent, his most trusted friend. There are many terrible deeds that Lear commits, but also has several unpleasant ones committed on him by his daughters. correct though there are horrible things done to king Lear, the terrible things that Lear do outweighs them. Lear deserves his punishment, should live up to his mistakes, and do whatever he can to correct those mistakes.Works Cited and ConsultedSchneider, Ben R. Jr. King Lear in Its Own Time The Difference That Death Makes. Early Modern Literary Studies 1 (1995). Shakespeare, William. King Lear. William Shakespeare the Tragedies, the Poems. Ed. John D. Wilson. Cambridge Cambridge UP, 2006. Stern, Jeffrey. ?King Lear The Transference of the Kingdom.? Shakespeare Quarterly, 1990. Folger Shakespeare Library.

Introduction of foreign pathogens into Australia :: essays research papers fc

Introduction of foreign pathogens into AustraliaIt is widely known that the poor health experienced by some(prenominal) an(prenominal) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders relates from complex reasons originating from their history after European settlement. Two centuries of introduced disease, combined with todays lifestyle diseases and impoverished socioeconomic and environmental conditions, puzzle had devastating, and all too often fatal, effects on Indigenous health. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population suffered from introduced disease that often turned out to be fatal because of lack of immunity to introduced pathogens. In 1788, Indigenous Australians were totally healthier than most Europeans of that time, whether it was socially, emotionally or physically. But when the Europeans came, their diseases killed many of the Aborigines without even lifting a hand. in that location were an estimated 5000 Aborigines living in Tasmania when the British first arriv ed in 1803. Living in small groups, they had survived for millennia in the islands extreme wilderness, hunting kangaroos and gathering shellfish along the coast.By the end of the 19th century they had been all but wiped out, in what has long been regarded as one of the darkest periods in Australias history which many thinks was caused by introduced pathogens by Europeans. spate agree said that introduced disease was used as an international weapon of extermination especially in the case of the Australian Aborigines. The Aborigines were so affected by the introduced pathogens because their immune systems had never encountered that kind of disease before so they had not developed any immunity at all and so succumbed to disease actually easily.The first major smallpox epidemic among Aborigines was in April 1789, fifteen months after first settlement. The second was in 1829-31, its origin never determined. Many people slang suggested and even written books about it that smallpox and other various killer diseases were deliberately introduced by the First Fleet to the Aborigines to kill them off easily. Diseases introduced by convicts and settlers - smallpox, typhoid, tuberculosis, diphtheria, whooping cough, influenza, pneumonia, measles and venereal disease - seriously depleted Aboriginal numbers. there was a massive population loss in central Australia - particularly in the kingdom of what is now Alice Springs - between 1860 and 1895.Introduction of foreign pathogens into Australia essays research papers fc Introduction of foreign pathogens into AustraliaIt is widely known that the poor health experienced by many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders relates from complex reasons originating from their history after European settlement. Two centuries of introduced disease, combined with todays lifestyle diseases and impoverished socioeconomic and environmental conditions, rent had devastating, and all too often fatal, effects on Indigenous health. Th e Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population suffered from introduced disease that often turned out to be fatal because of lack of immunity to introduced pathogens. In 1788, Indigenous Australians were totally healthier than most Europeans of that time, whether it was socially, emotionally or physically. But when the Europeans came, their diseases killed many of the Aborigines without even lifting a hand. There were an estimated 5000 Aborigines living in Tasmania when the British first arrived in 1803. Living in small groups, they had survived for millennia in the islands extreme wilderness, hunting kangaroos and gathering shellfish along the coast.By the end of the 19th century they had been all but wiped out, in what has long been regarded as one of the darkest periods in Australias history which many thinks was caused by introduced pathogens by Europeans. pile have said that introduced disease was used as an international weapon of extermination especially in the case of t he Australian Aborigines. The Aborigines were so affected by the introduced pathogens because their immune systems had never encountered that kind of disease before so they had not developed any immunity at all and so succumbed to disease actually easily.The first major smallpox epidemic among Aborigines was in April 1789, fifteen months after first settlement. The second was in 1829-31, its origin never determined. Many people have suggested and even written books about it that smallpox and other various killer diseases were deliberately introduced by the First Fleet to the Aborigines to kill them off easily. Diseases introduced by convicts and settlers - smallpox, typhoid, tuberculosis, diphtheria, whooping cough, influenza, pneumonia, measles and venereal disease - seriously depleted Aboriginal numbers. There was a massive population loss in central Australia - particularly in the component part of what is now Alice Springs - between 1860 and 1895.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Hemingways the Old Man And The Sea: An Analysis :: essays research papers

Hemingways "The Old Man and the Sea" An Analysis     Everyone has an arch enemy. Bat hu soldiery being had the Joker, Superman had LexLuthor. But without their enemies, they would be unimportant, just like anyoneelse. One could say that they unavoidable their enemies, that their enemies werealmost friends. Similarly, The Old Man and the Sea, by Ernest Hemingway, is alove story about the relationship developed over the years between a man and hislifelong friend and foe, the sea. Within the following paragraphs, it will beproven that the man needed the sea, that the two respected each other, and werevery close.     The old man respected the sea, unlike some of the younger, richer seekermen. They referred to the sea as a man. "...spoke of her as el mar whichis masculine." (p.30) This was considered improper to the older fishermen, asit was spoken of like a place or a contestant. The old man always referred tothe sea as a female , like a mother. "He always thought of the sea as la marwhich is what people call her in Spanish when they love her." (p.29) He saw thesea as a cleaning woman, a woman that gave or withheld favors. She was unpredictablebeacuse "The moon affects her as it does a woman." (p.30) The sea was like asecond home for the man, who fished every day. La mar provided the man withfood, a living, an enemy, and a friend.     When he was out on the sea fishing, he was at home. The sea, la mar,was like his mother. The fish in the ocean were like his brothers and sisters.When he hear the dolphins playing in the night he thought, "They aregood...they are our brothers like the flying fish." (p.48) He had almost reeledthe giant marlin in when he realized what he was doing. "You are killing me,fish. But you have a right to. Never have I seen a greater, or morebeautiful...thing than you, brother." (p.92) Even as he ate the fish that hewould catch, or as he killed scavengers trying to get the marlin, he wasapologizing or talking to his "family".     The old man saw the sea as a person, as a woman, and the fish werepeople, also. Thinking that way, he kept an open dialogue with his surroundings.Throughout the several days in which he tried to catch the marlin, heconstantly spoke to it. He had just eaten a fish to get his strength back whenhe said, "How do you feel, fish?

Hemingways the Old Man And The Sea: An Analysis :: essays research papers

Hemingways "The Old Man and the Sea" An Analysis     Everyone has an arch enemy. Batman had the Joker, Superman had LexLuthor. nevertheless without their enemies, they would be unimportant, just care anyoneelse. One could say that they demand their enemies, that their enemies werealmost friends. Similarly, The Old Man and the Sea, by Ernest Hemingway, is alove story about the birth developed over the years between a man and hislifelong friend and foe, the sea. Within the following paragraphs, it will beproven that the man needed the sea, that the two respected each other, and werevery close.     The old man respected the sea, unlike some of the younger, richer angleermen. They referred to the sea as a man. "...spoke of her as el invalidate whichis masculine." (p.30) This was considered improper to the older fishermen, asit was spoken of like a place or a contestant. The old man always referred tothe sea as a female, like a mother. "He always thought of the sea as la marwhich is what people call her in Spanish when they love her." (p.29) He saw thesea as a woman, a woman that gave or withheld favors. She was unpredictablebeacuse "The moon affects her as it does a woman." (p.30) The sea was like a instant home for the man, who fished every day. La mar provided the man withfood, a living, an enemy, and a friend.     When he was out on the sea fishing, he was at home. The sea, la mar,was like his mother. The fish in the ocean were like his brothers and sisters.When he heard the dolphins playing in the night he thought, "They aregood...they are our brothers like the flying fish." (p.48) He had almost reeledthe giant marlin in when he realized what he was doing. "You are killing me,fish. But you have a right to. Never have I seen a greater, or morebeautiful...thing than you, brother." (p.92) Even as he ate the fish that hewould catch, or as he killed scav engers trying to get the marlin, he wasapologizing or talking to his "family".     The old man saw the sea as a person, as a woman, and the fish werepeople, also. Thinking that way, he kept an cleared dialogue with his surroundings.Throughout the several days in which he tried to catch the marlin, heconstantly spoke to it. He had just eaten a fish to get his strength back whenhe said, "How do you feel, fish?

Monday, May 27, 2019

Case Management Essay

Workflow, demarcation execute centering and the care of Unstructured rolls Plethora of unstructured documents much(prenominal) as text documents, sp choosesheets, images, XML components, videos, podcasts, email messages that live ons around in a large enterprise and it represents the enterprises selective data assets. The problem is that in todays competitive surround on that point is an ever increasing generation and do of unstructured electronic documents. It has be bed highly imperative that there has to be an enterprise wide lifecycle controlment of these documents which washbasin enable the workers to access the documents in a relative vexation context.Many product companies and experts dealing in the area of core management and agate line turn management have proposed that a semantic relation is to be derived between documents and business domain. Thus, the semantic network that eventually gets formed will outlet in efficient search and filtering of these uns tructured documents. Types of data Structured and unstructured data People use and create unstructured data on day-to-day basis. Although they may not be aware, people create, store, retrieve unstructured data in the form of emails, word documents, excel spreadsheets and different forms.The unstructured issue has no data type as such so it requires human intervention to tag the data with some relevant keywords and meta tags so that it can be read by machines and applications. Structured data is also being used by people and such data is easily managed by technology being allowed for querying and account as the data type is predetermined and relationships are explicit. There are two categories of unstructured data 1) Bitmap Objects Images, videos, audio and other non-language based files2) textual Objects Word documents, Spreadsheets, Emails and other written or printed language documents Most of these object types cant be tapped easily to extract relevant information by techno logy or methodology as technology today can only address textual objects. With the advent of technologies like Enterprise Content forethought (electronic countermeasures), it has become possible to address unstructured data. Data mining and other analysis tools exist to query and analyze structured data. However, the contest remains in bringing both the worlds of structured and unstructured data together.Once when they are brought together is when the most value can be derived and gained but this is where the highest level of quarrel exists. Few challenges are listed below 1) Irrespective of having the data in a word document format it may not be consumable from a semantic level perspective 2) A compatible technology may not be able to give insight in to the context of the information unless it is read 3) The way we interpret is largely subjective Organizational Challenges Today the organizations are inherently complex in structure and the parts are loosely connected while they work in isolation.They only come together when there is a need which leads to an internally disconnected approach. These large organizations need to be antiphonal to the customer and market ineluctably. In order to be responsive they need to be agile and flexible when it comes to leveraging their matrix management structure as a whole. This can pose some long term as well as short term challenges. The path to overcome these challenges is to have take place business cognitive operation which entail the entire organizations.In most organizations, wherever the business processes exist they tend to be isolated to a specific plane section and are usually manual. This leads to manifestation of various management and operational challenges. Some of the consequences that come up due to these challenges are listed below 1) Due to inaccurate and prematurely information generated as a result of isolated units of an organization, it becomes difficult for management and employees to take correct decisions 2) As information may not be line up to business context or a business process it may lead to inapposite decisions3) Broken or incomplete workflows lead to generation of inconsistent and poor information 4) IT systems may act as inhibitors even if they support business processes when they lack system desegregation that would hide a single realize of the information 5) Strict business rules, policies and procedures can lead to delay in fetching important information Organization and business process alignment These hurdling and challenges which the organization faces are due to factors such as inflexible procedures, legacy infrastructure, orthodox management which include1) Manual approach even when business processes and frameworks exist 2) IT enablers found in departments and functional silos do information sharing and gathering labour intensive and tedious 3) IT and other infrastructure is maintained centrally which may not provide quick solutions and serv ice to meet the requirement of internal users 4) As organization is dependent on vendors or contractors for maintenance, support and development of IT and other infrastructure it raises issues of managing changes by themselves.Organizations need to orient themselves around process rather than functionally. They have the necessary infrastructure and technology in place but the challenge is to align all of it together using business processes. Aligning the organization to business processes and automating the same will help in solving decision making bottlenecks and will integrate functions, departments, core systems to deliver measurable business value. As of now most of the organizations, have IT infrastructure which comprise of applications that address each department separately.These departments may have business processes that cater to the purpose of the department specific function but this may lead to creation of unstructured and structured data in isolation from other departm ents defeating the purpose of one cultivation of the organization. Due to lack of integration between departments applications and business processes it leads to creation of islands of pleonastic information for each department. Knowing that there is duplicate information across various applications residing in various departments there will be multiple points of integration which makes it even more complicated.There is a requirement of point to point integration to resolve this. This increases business risk, delivery costs and it becomes even more important to retain existing talent who can handle the data and information well. IT challenge On drilling down, the problem of not being able to use unstructured data along with structured data semantically whilst the data is specific to each departments function and not business process of the organization is a challenge for the IT support department of organizations.Integration of silo applications and automated business processes ac ross departments with respect to the overall business context pose galore(postnominal) intricacies which makes it is a very challenging and a costly exercise for the IT function. Few of the reasons are listed below 1) Laborious task to integrate a variety of business processes and applications 2) Changes in particular to each function may become difficult to replicate across the organization each time 3) Data across functions cant be normalized due to existence of data in multiple format4) Data inconsistencies due to unavailability of an information master leads to dependency on data stored on spreadsheets These good-hearted of challenges have typically no end so a comprehensive solution has to be worked out which is robust and attend tos the goal of the organization by delivering value flawlessly. Workflow Model, Business Process Management (BPM) and Enterprise Content Management (electronic countermeasures) It is Workflow Automation and a Business Process Management System that will solve the business and technical problems that have been described in this paper so far.A workflow model is mechanization or a semi-automation of business processes. On the other hand Business Process Management is a method for managing the workflow model while perpetually evaluating its performance and closing the feedback loop. Business processes form the nervous system of an organization or an enterprise. Business Process Management (BPM) is a discipline that empowers an organization to analyze, automate, re-design, streamline, monitor and improve business process while providing end to end visibility and control from technology to people.An organization has numerous business processes which take place any now and then. They may be simple or complex and may rely on unstructured data. For e. g. Banks have a business process to process the fresh loans application, local retailer has a business process to order new inventory and more. Business processes are the means which enable people, system and information to work simultaneously in order to meet organizations goals. However, it is not as easy as it sounds.Consider an example where in an insurance company the shoot officials need material bodyal photos to process a claim, customer representative need customer records and statements, accounts personnel need invoice approvals to disburse the required amount. To address such multi dimensional situation companies are resorting to capabilities of Enterprise Content Management (electronic countermeasures) which is Business Process Management (BPM) to integrate, optimize, and automate processes and information. This solution enables organizations to make timely and accurate decisions. together BPM and electronic countermeasures businesses are able to deal with explosion of business related content which in turn helps them in becoming nimble and agile. Primarily, there are three changes that drive the need for businesses to become nimble and agile. They are 1) Creation of islands of business relevant content internal and external to the organization 2) spunky maintenance cost of information created and stored by disparate sources 3) Incremental strain on IT to meet core business requirements while driving process debutIn response to these needs electronic countermeasures and BPM enable organizations with the following 1) Empower all employees to develop process centric solution 2) Quickly synchronise information from disparate internal as well external data sources 3) Couple processes and content to meet business requirements Businesses today need to use the content that is operable across the business processes rather than letting it remain restricted under applications specific to a department or a function. Holistically, the content needs to be put to use for a greater benefit and a better ROI.Management of Unstructured Documents ECM has become one of the major packet category post consolidation of various solutions like D ocument Management, Document Imaging, Web Content Management, Digital Asset Management while collaborating with BPM. It shouldnt be treated as only a software category but can be primarily looked at as a strategy to manage all unstructured information images, web content, media assets and records. Secondly, its job is to ensure that the content is put to use by the business users as per the business processes.The ECM solutions available today are built to support todays dynamic requirements of the organization. They are scalable and high on performance when it comes to handling islands of new content and information with respect to complex business processes. Their design is such that they can integrate any kind of unstructured information with business processes and provide features such as process modelling, analytic capabilities, simulation and activity monitoring. They are also capable to handle process exceptions and can respond to demands for content from associates or custom ers.It is deduced that ECM as a technology and as a strategy enable information management professionals to manage the unstructured information in the organization to lessen risk, improve productivity in order to bring customer delight. Market Overview Organizations are increasingly adopting ECM to manage the increasing volume and growing assortment of unstructured content which now represents around 80% of the information residing in the enterprise. The opportunity identified is to devote similar rigor to unstructured data as being given to structured data.The market for ECM registered a double digit growth between the year 2004 to 2007 but it slowed down to single digit in 2008 primarily due to recessionary conditions. As per data gathered by Gartner, around $3. 3bn was collected as license and maintenance revenue for ECM. The ECM market has forecasted compounded annual growth rate of 9. 5% through till 2013. It is expected that the revenue generated from ECM markets worldwide would exceed $5. 1bn by 2013. The ECM market has seen major consolidation between the periods of 2003 to 2007. Large players such as IBM, Oracle, EMC have been acquiring companies to capitalize in this space.For example, EMC went on spree acquiring Legato, Document, Captiva and Document Sciences. Autonomy acquired Interwoven and Open Text purchased Vignette to become the largest independent vendors in this space competing directly with Microsofts Sharepoint. Market Drivers In spite of the recession which forced businesses to refrain from technology spending, the ECM market remained insulated from it for the following reasons 1) Increase in volume and complexity of content is the reason for concern and investments in ECM henceforth 2) Pricing pressure from open-source vendors stimulating higher demand3) It targets the overall ROI of the organization As there is a need to manage risks that come along with tonnes of paper and vast variety of digital content, a focus has been brought on governance and content rationalization. Vendors are addressing this by providing different stakeholders or customers with products that serve their purpose while keeping in mind the overall business processes of the organization. Recognizing this focus area many enterprises have become conscious about the lifecycle, access management, availability and cost of the content.There has been a slowdown in the ECM market due to the recessionary climate as it made the decision makers alert about investments. In a research conducted by Gartner it was noticed that during this period companies have started looking for a thorough business case and ROI justifications for any kind of technology expenditure. However this could also turn out to be positive for the ECM market as these are the times when the organizations will realize the benefits of ECM solutions and frameworks. ConclusionBusiness Process Management and Workflow are not about moving documents across departments. It is about aligni ng businesses to their core processes and they provide the atom smasher to exploit knowledge base to provide improved customer service. Thus, help in delivering measurable bottom line benefits in variety of business cases. come of ReferencesToby Bell, Karen M. Shegda, Mark R. Gilbert, Kenneth Chin, Mick MacComascaigh. ( October, 2009), Magic Quadrant for Enterprise Content Management http//www. gartner. com/technology/media-products/reprints/microsoft/vol10/article3/article3.html, Gartner Hakan Akbas (August 2009), Consolidation in the Enterprise Content Management patience Who Will Be Next Autonomy or Open Text? http//www. cmswire. com/cms/enterprise-cms/consolidation-in-the-enterprise-content-management-industry-who-will-be-next-autonomy-or-open-text-part-i-005174. php, Cmswire Icon Resources and technologies ( 2007), Document/Business Process Management http//www. iconresources. com/new/irt_bps.html Hinnerk Brugmann, ConSense Management of unstructured Documents using semanti c Meta-Information http//www.wi2. uni-erlangen. de/index. php? id=consense PNMSOFT, Sequence and Sharepoint, http//www. pnmsoft. com/sharepoint_workflow_integration. aspx PNMSOFT, SEQUENCE BPM & workflow software platform, http//www. pnmsoft. com/sequence_bpm_workflow. aspx Rivet Logic Corporation (October 2008), Enterprise Content Management 2. 0 The Case for an Open Source Approach http//viewer. bitpipe. com/viewer/viewDocument. do? accessId=12186060, Bitpipe Research Kyle McNabb (March 2008), Enterprise Content Management http//www. forrester.com/rb/Research/topic_overview_enterprise_content_management/q/id/40327/t/2, Forrester Research Ann entirely (March 2010), Case Management Is Step Forward in BPM Evolution , http//www. itbusinessedge. com/cm/community/features/interviews/blog/case-management-is-step-forward-in-bpm-evolution/? cs=39882&page=2Strategy Partners (2003), Business Process Management and Workflow, http//www. aiim. org. uk/download_files/aiimuserguides/5_BPM_and_Wo rkflow. pdf, AIIM International ECM Association Barclay T. Blair (October 2004), An Enterprise Content Management Primer, The Information Management Journal

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Tax(Case Report-on-Income-Tax-Authorities-in-Bangladesh)

ASSIGNMENT on Income task Authorities in Bangladesh pic bailiwick notice of revenue NBR Rajashwa Bhaban Segunbagicha, Dhaka recollect +88 02 933-3444. http//www. nbr-bd. org National poster of gross (NBR), Bangladesh. rapscallion 2 of 31 Table of contents Serial Topic summon No. I overcome . 01 varlet.. . II Topic/Source of the ASSIGNMENT.. 02 III Table of 03 contents 01 Letter of 04 Transmittal.. 02 cite 05 03 Background of 06 NBR.. 04 levyation and its 07 history 05 measure Authorities of Bangladesh .. 10 06 Types of Income 12 07 Classification of task dodges.. 13 08 Types of 14 measure income.. 09 Methodology . 15 9. 01 Sources of Income 15 9. 02 Tax stride 16 9. 03 Tax Rebate for investiture . 16 9. 04 Who should submit Income Tax Return? 17 9. 05 Time to submit Income Tax Return 18 9. 06 Assessment Procedure .. 19 9. 07 Tax withholding functions .. 19 9. 08 Major atomic number 18as for final settlement of r evenue enhancement liability . 22 9. 09 Fiscal incentives .. 23 9. 10 Avoidance of Double Taxation Agreement . 24 10 Steps for collecting Income Tax in Bangladesh.. 24 11 Procedure of Assessment . 25 12 Problems for collecting Income Tax.. 26 13 Conclusion.. 31 .. National wit of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh.Page 3 of 31 Letter of Transmittal March 03, 2012 To Md. Abdul Awal Chairman, EECS deparment NorthSouth University Basundhara Campus, Dhaka. Subject Submission of appointee on Income Tax Authorities in Bangladesh. Dear Sir I am pleased to submit this Assignment-report on Income Tax Authorities in Bangladesh. This research course of instruction was taken by the help of Three assess arrangement of Bangladesh, written by M. A. Akkas, and Income Tax written by Mr. Mahmud and Purohit Bhattacharjee. Here is the report on the empirical study of Income Tax authority in Bangladesh.We honestly believe that this report will fulfill the requirements of the human face report , which will help us a freshet to gain sufficient knowledge about the Income Tax authority in Bangladesh Sincerely, Deb kumar Roy ID0910019040 National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 4 of 31 Acknowledgement I am very much grateful to the God first, who has given me all the ability to perform this chore. At net but non the least, I am grateful to my ever-respected p atomic number 18nts those who always give us mental support and well wishes.National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 5 of 31 Background of NBR The National Board of Revenue (NBR) is the central authority for evaluate administration inBangladesh. ItwasestablishedbyPresidentsOrderNo. 76of1972. Administratively, it is under the Internal Resources Division (IRD) of the Ministry of finance (MoF). MoF has 3 Divisions, headed by 3 permanent Secretaries to the brass, namely, the Finance Division the Internal Resources Division (IRD) and the Economic Relations Division (ERD). The depositary, IRD is the ex- officio Chairman of NBR.NBR is responsible for formulation and continuous re-appraisal of revenue-policies and impose-laws, negotiating valuate treaties with descented governments and participating in inter-ministerial deliberations on economic issues having a bearing on fiscal policies and revenue administration. The principal(prenominal) responsibility of NBR is to collect domestic revenue (primarily, Import Duties and Taxes, bath and Income Tax) for the government. new(prenominal) responsibilities overwhelm administration of all matters related to impose revenuees, duties and otherwise evaluate producing fees.Under the overall control of IRD, NBR administers the Excise, value-added tax, Customs and Income-Tax services consisting of 3434 officers of various grades and 10195 supporting staff positions (Approved set up as on 09 Feb. , 2000 AD). Negotiating tax treaties with foreign governments and participating in inter- ministerial deliberations on economic issues ha ving a bearing on fiscal policies and tax administration are also NBRs responsibilities. The main responsibility of NBR is to mobilize domestic resources through appealingness of import duties and taxes, VAT and income tax for the government.Side by side with collection of taxes, facilitation of international sight through quick clearance of import and export cargoes has also emerged as a key role of NBR. Other responsibilities include administration of matters related to taxes, duties and other revenue related fees/charges and hinderion of smuggling. Under the overall control of IRD, NBR administers the excise, VAT, customs and income-tax services consisting of 3434 officers of various grades and 10195 supporting staff positions. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 6 of 31Taxation and its history Taxation- one of the major sources of public revenue to meet a countrys revenue and cultivation expenditures with a view to accomplishing both(prenominal) economic an d socialobjectives,suchasredistributionofincome,pricestabilizationand reject harmful wasting disease. It supplements other sources of public finance such as issuance of currency notes and coins, charging for public goods and services and borrowings. The term Tax has been derived from the French word Taxe and etymologically, the Latin word Taxare is related to the term tax, which room to charge.Tax is a contribution exacted by the state. It is a non-penal but compulsory and unrequited modify of resources from the private to the public sector, levied found on predetermined criteria. agree to Article 152(1) of the Constitution of Bangladesh, taxation includes the imposition of every tax, rate, duty or impost, whether general, local or special, and tax shall be construed accordingly. Rate is a local tax compel by local government on its residents or the stead owners of the locality, a duty is a tax levied on a commodity, and an impost is a tax imposed for an entry into a countr y.Under the provision of article 83 of the Constitution, no tax shall be levied or tranquil except by or under the authority of an Act of Parliament. Bangladesh inherited a system of taxation from its preceding(a) British and Pakistani rulers. The system, however, true based on generally accepted adviseons and there had been efforts towards rationalizing the tax administration for optimizing revenue collection, reducing tax leak and preventing revenue leakage through system loss.Taxes include narcotics duty (collected by the Department of Narcotics Control, Ministry of Home Affairs), land revenue (administered by the Ministry of Land and collected at local Tahsil offices numbered on average, one in every two Union Parishads), non-judicial stamp (collected under the Ministry of Finance), registration fee (collected by the Registration Directorate of the Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs) and motor vehicle tax (collected under the Ministry of Communication). Nati onal Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh.Page 7 of 31 The tax structure in the country consists of both direct (income tax, gift tax, land development tax, non-judicial stamp, registration, immovable property tax, etc) and indirect (customs duty, excise duty, motor vehicle tax, narcotics and liquor duty, VAT, SD, foreign travel tax, TT, electricity duty, advertisement tax, etc) taxes. The present land revenue system of Bangladesh has its base in the East Bengal state acquisition and tenancy act 1950 which established a direct contract between the taxpayer and the government.The most important tax on the value of transferred property is the non-judicial stamp tax (levied under the Stamp Act 1899), which has been in existence since January 1899. Cur adopt rates of non-judicial stamp duty are provided in the First Schedule of the Finance Act 1998, ranging from Tk. 4 to Tk. 10,000 in case of absolute rate, or from 0. 07% to 1. 5% of the value of consideration in case of ad valorem rate. The judicial stamp tax is being levied under the Court Fees Act 1870, although the levy of court fees originated in the introduction of the Bengal Regulation No. 8 of 1795. The first sales tax was introduced in the former Central Provinces of India in 1938. In Bengal, sales tax was adopted in 1941. In 1948, sales tax was transferred as a central tax under the General Sales Tax Act of 1948. The Sales Tax Act 1951 came into force on 1 July 1951 by repealing the Pakistan General Sales Tax Act of 1948. Until 1982, sales tax was being collected under the 1951 Act, which was replaced by the Sales Tax Ordinance 1982. The VAT law was promulgated by repealing the Business.Income tax was first introduced in the subcontinent by the British in 1860 to make up the revenue deficit caused by the sepoy revolt, 1857. afterward independence of Bangladesh, income tax was make effective under the Income Tax Act 1922 passed on the basis of the recommendations of the All-India Income Tax Committee appoi nted in 1921. Currently, income tax has been imposed under the Income Tax Ordinance 1984 (ITO) promulgated on the basis of recommendations of the Final Report of the Taxation Enquiry Commission submitted in April 1979.Income taxpayers (assesses) are classified as individuals, partnership firms, Hindu undivided National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 8of 31 families (HUF), associations of persons (AOP), companies (publicly traded and private), local authorities, and other artificial juridical persons. Tax rates and cooking stove of taxable income differ based on residential status of an assesses (resident or non- resident). From fiscal or assessment socio-economic class, (AY) 2000-01, there is a filing threshold of yearly core income of Tk. 00,000 applicable for individuals (including non-resident Bangladeshis), partnership firms, HUF, AOP and assesses other than companies and local authorities. In case an identity of this group has a total annual income less than this l evel, he is not required to submit tax return but if someones income is higher, he is to pay a minimum tax of Tk. 1,000. Bangladesh inherited a system of taxation from its past British and Pakistani rulers. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 9 of 31 Tax Authorities of Bangladesh ? there are 3-divisions under the Ministry of Finance (MOF) and Secretary leads each division. ? The Chairman of NBR (National Board of Revenue) is working under Internal Resource Division (IRD). ? NBR is the apex body of the Tax Administration. It consists of two parts (1) Customs & VAT (2) Income Tax. Both are under the alike authority.thither are 4-members under NBR. ? Under the NBR, a Commissioner of Taxes is the head of the department and he is in charge of a taxes Zone. There are 8-Zones in Bangladesh. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 10 of 31 pic National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 11 of 31 Types of Income Income non clear IncomeNon-Asse ssable Income Taxable Income Non-taxable Income Income Income means anything received in cash or in kind unless exempted by laws. 1) Assessable Income Assessable Incomes are those incomes, which are include in the determination of total income of a taxpayer. ) Taxable Income Taxable Incomes are those incomes that the tax is to be paid on those incomes. b) Non- Taxable Income Non taxable income is taken into total income for taxation rate purpose but no tax is to be paid on this part of income. 2) Non- Assessable Income Non- assessable incomes are those incomes which are not included in the determination of total income of a taxpayer. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 12 of 31 Classification of Tax systems Classification of Tax organisation Single Tax Multiple Taxes 1. Single Tax Only one tax for everybody.Single tax is the poll tax or the head tax or adolescent tax, which is imposed on a person simply because he is there in the federation. 2. Multiple TaxesA syst em under which different types of taxes shall be levied by the govt. according to suitability. Ex. Income Tax, VAT. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 13 of 31 Types of Taxation Types of Taxation a) Direct Tax b) Indirect Tax a) forward Tax b) Regressive Tax c) Proportional Tax a) Direct Tax Direct tax is a sort of tax the impact of effect incidents and which get back on the person on whom it is imposed. . e. Income Tax, Marriage Tax etc. b) Indirect Tax Indirect taxes are those burden of which can be passed on others through price vehicles. c) Progressive Tax The tax rate increases as the taxable income/amount increases. d) Regressive tax The opposite of a progressive tax is a regressive tax where the tax rate decreases as the taxable income/amount increases. e) Proportional Tax In between is a proportional tax, where tax is fixed as the amount to which the rate is applied increases. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 14 of 31 MethodologyAmong direc t taxes, income tax is one of the main sources of revenue. It is a progressive tax system. Income tax is imposed on the basis of ability to pay. The much a taxpayer earns the more he should pay- is the basic article of faith of charging income tax. It aims at ensuring equity and social justice. Sources of Income For the purpose of computation of total income and charging tax thereon, sources of income can be classified into 7 categories, which are as follows Salaries Interest on securities Income from house property Income from agriculture Income from business or profession Capital gains Income from other sources. Tax Rate (Assessment Year- 2008-09) Other than Company For individuals other than female taxpayers, ranking(prenominal) taxpayers of 70 years and to a higher place and retarded taxpayers, tax payable for the First 1,65,000/- Nil Next 2,75,000/- 10% Next 3,25,000/- 15% Next 3,75,000/- 20% eternal sleep Amount 25% For female taxpayers, senior taxpayers of age 70 ye ars and in a higher place and retarded taxpayers, tax payable for the First 1,80,000/- Nil Next 2,75,000/- 10% Next 3,25,000/- 15% National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 15 of 31 Next 3,75,000/- 20% Rest Amount 25% Minimum tax for any individual assesses is Tk. 2,000 Non-resident Individual25% (other than non-resident Bangladeshi) For Companies Publicly Traded Company27. 5% Non-publicly Traded Company37. 5% Bank, redress & Financial Company 45% Mobile Phone Operator Company45% If any publicly traded phoner declares more than 20% dividend, 10% rebate on total tax is allowed. Tax Rebate for investment Rate of Rebate Amount of allowable investment is either up to 25% of total income or Tk. 5,00,000/- whichever is less.Tax rebate amounts to 10% of allowable investment. Types of investment qualified for the tax rebate are Life insurance premium voice to deferred annuity Contribution to Provident Fund to which Provident Fund Act, 1925 applies self-importance contribut ion and employers contribution to Recognized Provident Fund Contribution to Super Annuation Fund Investment in approved debenture or debenture stock, Stocks or Shares Contribution to deposit pension scheme Contribution to merciful Fund and Group restitution premium Contribution to Zakat Fund Donation to charitable hospital approved by National Board of Revenue Donationtophilanthropicoreducationalinstitutionapprovedbythe Government Donation to socioeconomic or cultural development institution established in Bangladesh by Aga Khan Development Network National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 16 of 31 Who should submit Income Tax Return? If total income of any individual other than female taxpayers, senior taxpayers of 70 years and above and retarded taxpayers during the income year exceeds Tk 1,65,000/-. If total income of any female taxpayer, senior taxpayer of 70 years and above and retarded taxpayer during the income year exceeds Tk 1,80,000/-. If any person was assessed for tax during any of the 3 years immediately preceding the income year. A person who lives in any city corporation/paurashava/divisional HQ/district HQ and owns a building of more than one storey and having plinth area exceeding 1,600 sq. feet/owns motor car/owns membership of a club registered under VAT Law. If any person subscribes a telephone. If any person runs a business or profession having trade license. Any professional registered as doctor, lawyer, income tax practitioner, Chartered Accountant, comprise & Management Accountant, Engineer, Architect and Surveyor etc. Member of a Chamber of Commerce and Industries or a trade Association. Any person who participates in a tender. A person who has a Taxpayers Identification Number (TIN). Candidate for Union Parishad, Paurashava, City Corporation or Parliament. Time to Submit Income Tax Return For CompanyBy fifteenth mean solar day of July next following the income year or, where the fifteenth day of July falls before the expir y of six months from the end of the income year, before the expiry of such six months. For Other than Company Unless the date is extended, by the Thirtieth day of September next following the income year. Consequences of Non-Submission of Return imposition of penalty amounting to 10% of tax on last assessed income subject to a minimum of Tk. 1,000/- In case of a continuing default a further penalty of Tk. 50/- for every day of delay.National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 17 of 31 Assessment Procedures For a return submitted under normal scheme, assessment is made after hearing. For returns submitted under Universal Self Assessment Scheme, the acknowledgement slip is determined to be an assessment order. Universal Self Assessment is of course subject to audit. Appeal against the order of DCT A taxpayer can file an appeal against DCTs order to the Commissioner (Appeals)/Additional or articulate Commissioner of Taxes (Appeals) and to the Taxes Appellate Tribunal against an Appeal order. Tax withholding functionsIn Bangladesh withholding taxes are ordinarily termed as Tax deduction and collected at source. Under this system both private and public limited companies or any other system of rules specified by law are legally authorized and bound to withhold taxes at some point of making payment and deposit the same to the Government Exchequer. The taxpayer receives a certificate from the withholding authority and gets credits of tax against assessed tax on the basis of such certificate. Heads of Income Subject to deduction or collection of income tax at source with specified rates of deduction. No. Heads sectionalization/Rule Rate Chalan in the name of 1 Salaries Respective voice 50 deduction at average rate Zone 2 Discount on the real value of deduction at normal rate or maximum rate LTU Bangladesh Bank Bills parting 50A whichever is greater. 3 Interest on securities Section 51 10%on interest or discount LTU 4 Supply of goods and ex ecution of nil up to 1 lac, 1-5 lacs Zone-2 (Partly) & contracts and sub-contracts Section (1%), 5-15 lacs (2. 5%), 15- LTU 52(Rule 16) 25 lacs 3. 5% and 25 lacs and above (4%) National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 18 of 31 5 Indenting commission / Shipping 3. 5% of the total receipt of indenting Zone-2 dash commission Section 52 (Rule 17) commission & 5% of total Shipping self-assurance commission receipt 6 Royalty, Fees for professional or Zone-8 technical services Section 52 A 10% of the fees 7 Stevedoring agency & Security Section 52 Ctg. Zone- service AA 7. 5% of the fees 2 8 C & F agency commission Section 52 Zone-2 AAA 7. 5% of the fees 9 Sale of bandrolls ( for biri) Respective Section 52B 6% of the value of bandrolls. Zone 10 Compensation for acquisition of 6% of the compensation money Zone-2 property Section 52C 11 Interest on saving instruments 10% of the amount of interest (Current Zone-2 Section 52D rat e) 12 Collection of tax from brick 1 Sec. = Tk. 10,000/ for each brick field. Respective manufacturers 1. 5 Sec. = Tk. 2,000/ for each brick Zone field. Section 52F 2 Sec. = Tk. 18,000/ for each brick field. 13 Commission on Letter of 5% of the amount of commission. LTU Credits Section 52I 14 payoff & Renewal of trade Tk 500/- For renewal of each Zone-3 licence Section 52K Lincence 15 Trustee fees Section 52L 10% 16 Frieght Forward agency Com. Section 52M 7. 5% 17 takeal power Section 52N 4% 18 Import of goods Section 53 (Rule17A) Zone-2 3% of the value of imports. 19 Income from house property (house No deduction if monthly rent is below Zone-2 rent) 20,000/- Dha & Other Section 53A (Rule17B)3% (if monthly rent is outside 20,000-40,000 Tk. ) and Zone 5% (if monthly rent is above 40,000 Tk. 20 Shipping business of resident Zone-2,ctg Section 53AA 5% of freight 21 Export of manpower Section 53B (Rule Zo ne-2, dhk & ctg 17C) 10% of the service charges. 22 Export of Knitwear Section 53BB 0. 25% Zone-5 23 Member of Stock Section Zone-7 Exchange 53BBB 0. 015% 24 Export of goods except Section 0. 25% Zone-5 National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 19 of 31 Knitweare & Woven garments 53BBBB 25 Sale of goods by public auction Section 53C (Rule Zone-2 17D) 5% of the sale price 26 Courier Service (Non- resident) Zone-6 Section 53CC 7. 5% 27 defrayment to film actors and actresses 5% of the amount paid exceeding Zone-2 Section 53D (Rule Tk. 6000/- 17E) 28 Cash aid Section 53DD 5% Zone-5 29 Commission Fees or discount paid to Zone-2 & LTU distributors Section 53E (Rule 7. 5% of the amount of commission. 17G) 30 Commission or charges paid to the Dhk. Zone- agents of foreign buyers 6, Ctg.Zone-3 and 4 % on the amount of commission or charges. Zone of Section 53EE Respective Division 31 Interest on bank deposits Section 53F (Rule 10% of the amount of interest. Zone-1 17H) 32 Real Estate & Developers In case of Bldg. 250 per sq. eter Zone-5 In case of land 5% of deed value Section 53FF 33 Insurance commission 3% on the amount of commission LTU Section 53G 34 Commission paid to the Surveyors of Dhk. Zone- General Insurances 2, Ctg. Zone-3 and 7. 5% on the amount of commission. Zone Section 53GG of Respective Division 35 Transfer of property Section 53H (Rule 5% of the value of the property. Survey 17I) Zone Interest on Post Office No deduction if the amount of interest doesZone-2 Savings Bank Account not exceeds Tk. 1,50,000 and if exceeds Section 53I then 10% on the amount of interest . 36 Rent of vacant land, plant and No deduction if monthly rent is below Zone-2 machinery 15,000/- Section 53J (Rule 3% (if monthly rent is 17BB) 15,000 -30,000 Tk. ) and 5% (if monthly rent is above 30,000 Tk. ) Nat ional Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 20 of 31 37 Advertising bill of news paper, Zone-5 magazine, private television 3% of the value of the property. impart Section 53K 38 Dividend LTU (only LTUs (1) Resident individual 10%, non-resident files) all others Section 54 individual 25% (2) Company 15% Zone-2 39 Income from draft Section 55 20% of the amount won. Zone-2 40 Income of non-resident Other than Company rate applicable to the com. OtherZone-6 non- resident Bangladeshi Section 56 than social club maximum rate. Major areas for final settlement of tax liabilityTax deducted at source for the following cases is treated as final discharge of tax liabilities. No additional tax is charged or refund is allowed in the following cases- Supply or contract work Band rolls of hand made cigarettes Import of goods Transfer of properties Export of manpower Real Estate Business Export value of garments Local shipping business Royalty, technical know-how fe e Insurance agent commission. Auction purchase Payment on account of survey by surveyor of a general insurance company Clearing & forwarding agency commission. Transaction by a member of a Stock Exchange. Courier business Export cash subsidy Tax Recovery SystemIn case of non-payment of income tax demand the following measures can be taken against a taxpayer for realization of tax- Imposition of penalty Attachment of bank accounts, hire or any other payment. Filing of Certificate case to the Special Magistrate. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 21 of 31 Advance Payment of Tax Every taxpayer is required to pay plead tax in four equal installments falling on 15th September 15th declination 15th March and 15th June of each year if the latest assessed income exceeds Taka three lakh. Penalty is imposed for default in payment of any installment of advance tax. Fiscal incentives Following are fiscal incentives available to a taxpayer )Tax holiday Tax holiday is allowed f or industrial undertaking, tourist industry and physical infrastructure quick-wittedness established between 1st July 2008 to 30th June 2011 in fulfillment of certain conditions. Industrial Undertaking Eligible for Tax holiday (i)An industry engaged in production of textile, textile machinery, jute goods, high value garments, pharmaceuticals, melamine, plastic products, ceramics, sanitary ware, steel from iron ore, MS Rod, CI Sheet, fertilizer, insecticide & pesticide, computer hardware, petro-chemicals, agriculture machinery, boilers, compressors, basic blunt materials of drugs, chemicals and pharmaceuticals. (ii)An industry engaged in agro-processing, ship building, diamond cutting. Physical Infrastructure Eligible for Tax holidaySea or river port, container ends, internal container depot, container freight station, LNG terminal and transmission line, CNG terminal and transmission line, gas pipe line, flyover, mono rail, underground rail, telecommunication other than mobile pho ne, large water treatment plant & picture through pipe line, waste treatment plant, solar energy plant, export processing zone. Tourism Industry Eligible for Tax holiday Residential hotel having quickness of three star or more. b)Accelerated depreciation Accelerated depreciation on cost of machinery is admissible for new industrial undertaking in the first year of commercial production 50%, in the second year 30% and in the third year 20%. )Income derived from any Small and Medium initiative (SME) engaged in production of any goods and having an annual turnover of not more than taka twenty four lakh is exempt from tax. d)Industry set up in EPZ is exempt from tax for a period of 10 years from the date of commencement of commercial production. e)Income from fishery, poultry, cattle breeding, dairy farming, horticulture, floriculture, mushroom cultivation and sericulture are exempt from tax up to 30th June, 2011, subject to investing at least 10% of the exempted income that exceeds one lakh Taka, in government bonds. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 22 of 31 f)Income derived from export of handicrafts is exempted from tax up to 30th June, 2011. )An amount equal to 50% of the income derived from export business is exempted from tax. h)Listed companies are entitled to 10% tax rebate if they declaredividend of 20% or more. i)Income from Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES) business is exempted up to 30th June, 2011. Avoidance of Double Taxation Agreement There are agreements on avoidance of double taxation between Bangladesh and 28 countries which are- (01) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (02) Singapore (03) Sweden (04) Republic of Korea (05) Canada (06) Pakistan (07) Romania (08) Sri Lanka (09) France (10) Malaysia (11) lacquer (12) India (13) Germany 14) The Netherlands (15) Italy (16) Denmark (17) China (18) Belgium (19) Thailand (20) Poland (21) Philippines (22) Vietnam (23) Turkey (24) Norway (25) USA (26) Ind onesia (27) Switzerland (28) Oman. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 23 of 31 Steps for collecting Income Tax in Bangladesh Submission of income tax returns is generally due by 30th September in case of non-companies and 31st December in case of companies. Assessment is made in some(prenominal) procedures. They are ? Self assessment ? Presumptive assessment ? Spot assessment ? Pre-audit based assessment. However, certain percent of self assessment cases are selected for audit.Assesses can pick appeal if aggrieved by his assessment. There are three primary forums for appeal. They are to the Appellate Commissioner/Additional Commissioner/Joint Commissioner or to the Commission for reviews. The decisions of Appellate Commissioner/Additional Commissioner/Joint Commissioner can be challenged to the next Appellate Court named as Appellate Tribunal. Withholding tax is levy able on a number of items including contractors, imports, transfer of urban land/building, bank de posits etc. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 24 of 31 Procedure of Assessment Generally the followings steps are followed in case of Assessment of theCompany and the Corporation Step-1 Computation of Business Income Step-2 Computation of fundamental Income Step-3 Determination of Total Tax Liabilities Step-4 Determination of Net Tax Liabilities According to Sections 28, 29 and 30 of ITO, 1984 Income from business is to be calculated after considering admissible and inadmissible expenses to this end. Total Income of the Company is to be calculated by adding other income with income from business. Total Tax liabilities are to be determining by applying prescribed tax rate. Net Tax liability is to be ascertained by deducting the following tax rebate from Total Tax liabilities 10% Tax rebate on foreign income Tax rebate on increased production in case of industrial company, if applicable. Tax rebate on export income (at rate applicable) Tax rebate and average rate on t ax free income. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 25 of 31 Problems for collecting Income Tax Tax avoidance is one of the main fusss for collecting Income Tax by the Income Tax Authority in Bangladesh. It is the legal exercise of the tax regime to ones own advantage, in order to reduce the amount of tax that is payable by means that are within the law. By contrast tax evasion is the general term for efforts to not pay taxes by illegal means. The term tax mitigation is a synonym for tax avoidance.Its pilot use was by tax advisors as an alternative to the pejorative term of tax avoidance. Latterly the term has also been used in the tax regulations of some jurisdictions to distinguish tax avoidance foreseen by the lawmakers from tax avoidance which exploits loopholes in the law. Based on these concepts arises the pillars of Tax Protesters as well as Tax immunity Some of those attempting not to pay tax believe that they have uncovered interpretations of the law that show that they are not subject to being taxed these individuals and groups are sometimes called tax protesters. An unsuccessful tax protestor has been attempting openly to evade tax, while a successful one avoids tax.Tax resistance is the declared refusal to pay a tax for painstaking reasons (because the resister does not want to support the government or some of its activities). Tax resistors typically do not take the position that the tax laws are themselves illegal or do not apply to them (as tax protesters do) and they are more concerned with not paying for particular government policies that they oppose. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 26 of 31 Responses to tax avoidance Avoidance also reduces government revenue and brings the tax system into disrepute, so governments need to prevent tax avoidance or keep it within limits. The obvious way to do this is to frame tax rules so that there is no scope for avoidance. In practice, this has not proved achievable nd ha s led to an ongoing battle between governments amending legislation and tax advisors finding new scope for tax avoidance in the amended rules. Tax evasion By contrast, tax evasion is the general term for efforts by individuals, firms, trusts and other entities to evade taxes by illegal means. Tax evasion usually entails taxpayers deliberately misrepresenting or concealing the true state of their affairs to the tax authorities to reduce their tax liability, and includes, in particular, dishonest tax reporting (such as declaring less income, profits or gains than actually earned or overstating deductions). Illegal income and tax evasionWho earn income by illegal means (gambling, theft, drug trafficking etc. ) is required to report unlawful gains as income when filing annual tax returns. Suspected lawbreakers have therefore been charged with tax evasion when there is insufficient evidence to try them for their non-tax related crimes. Other times, tax evasion can be used as a one more n ail in the coffin by prosecutors by stating that if a person earns illegal income, s/he may also be guilty of tax evasion. Those who attempt to report illegal income as coming from a legitimate source could be charged with money laundering. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 27 of 31 Evasion of Value Added Tax (VAT)During the latter half of the twentieth century, Value Added Tax (VAT) has emerged as a modern form of consumption tax through the world. Producers who collect VAT from the consumers may evade tax by under-reporting the amount of sales. Control of evasion Level of evasion depends on a number of factors one of them being fiscal equation. Peoples tendency to evade income tax declines when the return for due payment of taxesisnotobvious. Evasionalsodependsontheefficiencyofthetax administration. Corruption by the tax officials often fabricate control of evasion difficult. Tax administrations resort to various means for plugging in scope of evasion and increasi ng the level of enforcement.Public opinion on tax avoidance Tax avoidance may be considered to be the dodging of ones duties to society, or alternatively the right of every citizen to structure ones affairs in a manner allowed by law, to pay no more tax than what is required. Attitudes vary from approval through neutrality to outright hostility. Attitudes may vary depending on the steps taken in the avoidance scheme, or the perceived unfairness of the tax being avoided. Corruption by tax officials Corrupt tax officials cooperate with the tax payers who depute to evade taxes. When they detect an instance of evasion, they refrain from reporting in return for illegal gratification or bribe.Corruption by tax officials is a serious problem for the tax administration in a huge number of underdeveloped countries. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 28 of 31 The distinction in various jurisdictions of Tax Evasion and Tax Avoidance The use of the terms tax avoidance and tax ev asion can vary depending on the jurisdiction. In general, the term evasion applies to illegal actions and avoidance to actions within the law. The term mitigation is also used in some jurisdictions to further distinguish actions within the veritable purpose of the relevant provision from those actions that are within the letter of the law, but do not achieve its purpose. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 29 of 31 ConclusionThough the rate of tax revenue is to GDP is very negligible, despite the government is trying to maximize its tax revenue through different method. only if the government should also remind the cannon of convenience while collecting tax from assesses. As we are living in a civilized society should come forward to pay taxes to government in order to conduct the administrative, defense and development activities of the country. Otherwise we would not be able to prove ourselves as civilized people. Tax is the most important in the hand of the gover nment to control the economy as well as the inflection. It also helps in tote money to the economy, develop certain source of the economy and control some other activities of the economy.No Government can run its and perform administration whole caboodle without collecting tax as a source of revenue. So, the Government imposes tax over the company and the corporations. On the other hand Government can also intensive to the infant and certain basic industry for protection through its tax policy. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 30 of 31 ? The leftover ? National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 31 of 31 pic pic pic pic pic pic pic pic ? pic pic pic pic pic pic pic pic pic pic pic

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Practical Business Analysis Essay

1. Re-do all problems in Practice Problem Set 1. 2. Dollar Car renting Co. was originally named Dollar a Day Car Rental beca wont they charged $1.00 per day to rent a car, plus a charge per mile travailn. numerous customers complained that the odometers on Dollars cars recorded more miles than were actually driven. To evaluate these complaints you take a random take in of 6 Dollars cars, drive them on a carefully measured 100-mile course, and record the miles driven as registered by the odometers. The results are 100, 105, 109, 102, 107, and 101, with the sample exemplar deviation around 3.578. a. Using these sample results, construct a 95% confidence interval for the population meanspirited miles recorded by all Dollar cars for a 100-mile trip. b. As a juristic consultant hired by the group of the customers who complained about the odometers, do you have enough evidence to support your clients claim? State your hypotheses (H0 vs. Ha), rejection region and both statistical and substantive conclusions.3. The grades on the final examination given in a large organic chemistry class are normally distributed with a mean of 72 and a standard deviation of 8. The instructor of this class wants to assign an A grade to the top 10% of the slews, a B grade to the contiguous 10% of the scores, a C grade to the future(a) 10% of the scores, a D grade to the next 10% of the scores, and an F grade to all scores below the 60th percentile of this distribution. For each possible letter grade, find the lowest acceptable score within the established range.4. The weekly demand for commonplace Motors car sales follows a normal distribution with a mean of 40,000 cars and a standard deviation of 12,000 cars.a. There is a 5% chance that GM will sell more than what number of cars during the next week? b. What is the probability that GM will sell between 20 and 23 thousand cars during the next week?5. A department shop is interested in the average balance that is carried on its stores credit card. A sample of 40 accounts reveals an average balance of $1,250 and a standard deviation of $350.a. Find a 95% confidence interval for the mean account balance on this stores credit card. b. What sample size would be needed to ensure that we could estimate the true mean account balance and have only 5 chances in 100 of being off by more than $100?6. A marketing research consultant hired by Coca-Cola is interested in determining the proportion of customers who favor Coke over other soft drinks. A random sample of 400 consumers was selected from the market under investigation and showed that 53% favored Coca-Cola over other brands.a. Compute a 95% confidence interval for the true proportion of the great unwashed who favor Coke. Do the results of this poll convert you that a majority of people favor Coke? b. Suppose 2,000 (not 400) people were polled and 53% favored Coke. Would you now be convinced that a majority of people favor Coke?7. BatCo (The Battery Company) pr oduces your typical consumer battery. The company claims that their batteries last at least 100 hours, on average. Your experience with the BatCo battery has been somewhat different, so you conciliate to conduct a test to see if the companies claim is true. You consider that the mean life is actually less than the 100 hours BatCo claims. You decide to collect data on the average battery life (in hours) of a random sample and the information related to the hypothesis test is presented below. Use this information to answer the hobby questions.a. You believe that the mean life is actually less than 100 hours, should you conduct a one-tailed or a two-tailed hypothesis test? State your alternative hypothesis. b. If you use a 5% significance level, would you conclude that the mean life of the batteries is typically more than 100 hours? State the rejection region and calculate the test statistic. c. If you were to use a 1% significance level in this case, would you conclude that the mean life of the batteries is typically more than 100 hours? Explain your answer.8. Q-Mart is interested in comparing customer who apply it own charge card with those who use other types of credit cards. Q-Mart would like to know if customers who use the Q-Mart card spend more money per visit, on average, than customers who use some other type of credit card. They have collected information on a random sample of 38 charge customers and the data is presented below. On average, the person using a Q-Mart card spends $192.81 per visit and customers using another type of card spend $104.47 per visit. Use the information below to answer the following questions.a. Given the information above, what is pic and pic for this comparison? Also, does this represent a one-tailed or a two-tailed test? Explain your answer. b. Using a 1% level of significance, is there adapted evidence for Q-Mart to conclude that customers who use the Q-Mart card charge, on average, more than those who use another char ge card? Explain your answer.9. Suppose that you were asked to test H0 = 10 versus Ha 10 at the pic = 0.05 significance level and with a sample of size n = 10. Furthermore, suppose that you observed values of the sample mean and sample standard deviation and concluded that H0 be rejected. Is it true that you might fail to reject H0 if you were to observe the same values of the sample mean and standard deviation from a sample with n 10? Why or why not?10. Stock-market analysts are keenly interested in determining what factors influence the price of a stock. After some examination, a statistician hypothesized that a stock price (Y in $) would be affected by its quarterly dividends (X1 in $), its price/ net profit ratio (X2), and the interest rate of treasury bills (X3 in %). The values of the relevant variables were observed for a period of 40 quarters. When the data were run on STATGRAPHICS PLUS, the resultant printout was created.

Friday, May 24, 2019

Annualised Risk and Return

FM Assignment Q) Obtain daily, weekly and monthly closing prices of the breed given to you. Get adjusted closing prices. Daily and weekly prices should be for one financial year. Monthly prices should be for 2 years. E. g. FY 2011-2012 and FY 2010-11. Compute annualized return and danger. information ANNUALIZED RETURN ANNUALIZED RISK Weekly -16. 952 36. 449 Daily -16. 241 39. 347 Monthly -11. 21 30. 209 Comparing this with a suitable peer company, Company Annualized return Annualized risk JSP -11. 2154 30. 209 TATA STEEL -4. 0020 47. 202 OBSERVATIONAs faeces be seen from the observations above, the stock which gives the maximum return also comes with the maximum risk (TATA STEEL). So when it comes to selecting the stock, the following two cases can be considered a) Maximum return - If you argon a person who values maximum return and is allowing to take the risk for the same, go for TATA STEEL b) Minimum Risk - If you are a risk averse person, go for JSP as the risk associated wi th it is less compared to TATA STEEL In either case, whether TATA STEEL or JSP, the annualized return is negative. Q) Construct 10 different portfolios with another(prenominal) company (Correl 0. 0) and compute return and risk for each portfolio. Identify the best portfolio. Construct the minimum variance portfolio. Company Correl JSP AND TATA STEEL 0. 89 JSP AND CUMMINS 0. 65 ab initio we compared JSP and TATA STEEL. We found the Correl = 0. 89 which was greater than 0. 70. Next we compared JSP and Cummins and found the Correl to be 0. 65. So we testament choose Cummins for making the portfolio. Portfolio come about(%) Return(%) Percentage ofJSP Percentage of CUMMINS Portfolio Return JSP CUMMINS 1 -11. 21 14. 83 10% 90% 12. 2233 2 -11. 21 14. 3 20% 80% 9. 6196 3 -11. 21 14. 83 30% 70% 7. 0159 4 -11. 21 14. 83 40% 60% 4. 4122 5 -11. 21 14. 83 45% 55% 3. 11035 6 -11. 21 14. 83 50% 50% 1. 8085 7 -11. 21 14. 83 60% 40% -0. 7952 8 -11. 21 14. 83 70% 30% -3. 3989 9 -11. 21 14. 83 80% 20% -6. 0026 10 -11. 21 14. 83 90% 10% -8. 6063 Min Variance -11. 21 14. 83 36% 64% 5. 45368 Portfolio Risk(%) Risk(%) Percentage ofJSP Percentage of CUMMINS Covariance Portfolio Risk JSP CUMMINS 30. 21 27. 36 10% 90% 543. 6637905 6. 99497971 2 30. 21 27. 36 20% 80% 543. 6637905 9. 326639613 3 30. 21 27. 36 30% 70% 543. 6637905 10. 685008 4 30. 21 27. 36 40% 60% 543. 6637905 11. 42275403 5 30. 21 27. 36 45% 55% 543. 6637905 11. 59986156 6 30. 21 27. 36 50% 50% 543. 6637905 11. 65829952 7 30. 21 27. 36 60% 40% 543. 6637905 11. 42275403 8 30. 21 27. 36 70% 30% 543. 6637905 10. 685008 9 30. 21 27. 36 80% 20% 543. 6637905 9. 326639613 10 30. 21 27. 36 90% 10% 543. 637905 6. 99497971 Min Variance 30. 21 27. 36 36% 64% 543. 6637905 11. 19196754 From the above observation, for decision regarding the best portfolio the following cases can be considered- a) Maximum Return - If one wants to maximize the r eturn, one should have a portfolio smorgasbord consisting of 10% JSP and 90% Cummins b) Minimize Risk - A risk averse person should go for a portfolio mix consisting of 10% JSP and 90% Cummins c) Minimum Variance Ideally, as per the minimum variance rule, one should have 36% of JSP and 64% of Cummins as their portfolio mix.But in this case, it does not give the maximum return nor the least risk. Since maximum return as well as minimum risk is observed for a portfolio mix of 90% Cummins and 10% JSP, one should opt for that. Learnings * For studying the valuation of assets or securities, knowledge about the concepts of Risks and Returns are essential * Variance or standard deviation is the measure of the risk of returns * Combination of multiple securities are called portfolios * Portfolio risk is not a weighted average risk as the securities included in the portfolio are associated with each other.Hence, portfolio risk also accounts for the covariance between the returns of securit ies * Covariance is the product of standard deviation of individual securities and their correlation coefficient * The magnitude of the portfolio risk will depend on the correlation between the securities.The portfolio risk will be equal to the weighted risk of individual securities if the correlation coefficient is +1. 0. If correlation coefficient 1, the portfolio risk will be less than the weighted average risk. When the correlation coefficient = -1. 0, the portfolio risk becomes 0. Submitted By Group C14 Vaibhav Bhasin 2012182 Vinay Harinarayanan 2012184

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Motivation and Texas Roadhouse Essay

Ajor gainsays are Retaining a positive doing environment, Recognition, and Work performance evaluation. One of the major challenges a animal trainer faces in motivating her employees today as opposed to 50 years ago is retaining a positive melt downing environment. Today, the success of any line of products is for a manager to provide a positive working environment. This require manager having the abilities, tools, and knowledge to help her understand her employees retention needs and be competent to implement a retention plan intended to increase employee engagement in the organization. In Noe, Holllenbeck, Gerhart, & Wright (2011), an article written by Texas Roadhouse Resturant states, We wanted to provide a place that the whole family could make out. This statement suggests that Texas Roadhouse is a place where the whole family can enjoy great nourishment, in a fun-filled, enthusiastic atmosphere at a reasonable price.In this example, the practice on the culture of Texas Roadhouse involved putting their employees first and this is a key component in their formula for success. Employees who love their working environment tend to give customers better services. On the other moot, if a manager refuse to look after her employees, employees might depict negative work related performances tardiness or unpunctuality, bad customer service, and even high turnover. Yet, in the cases of Texas Roadhouse Resturant, their technique of motivating employees can be used in other businesses and organizations. For instance, lets take another look at another statement made by Texas Roadhouse We wanted to provide a place that the whole family could enjoy we take good care of our employees, they allow take care of our customers.This announcement is part of Texas Roadhouse belief or value. Texas Roadhouse believes in participating with their employees they understanding their employees retention need, requests and value and they get to know their employees as individual s. If other businesses and organizations follow Texas Roadhouse belief or value (putting their employees first and retaining a positive working environment), then they too will have the tools to motivate their employees, obtain increased job satisfaction and productivity within their organization, and even low turnover.A second major challenge a manger faces in motivating her employees today as opposed to 50 years ago is Recognition. Individuals have a straightforward human need to smack appreciated and proud of their work. Recognition is an alternative method that could be used to motivate workers and make them feel attentivenessed and proud of their work. According to Drennan & Richey (2012), when employees achieve a specific task within an organization, they feel that they have accomplished something, and they feel unappreciated when the manager dont recognize their achievement. In this case, a manager must be clever another to recognize his employees achievement. When a manage r acknowledges her employees achievement, it is highly recommended that the manager congratulate his employees by giving them a round hand of applause for their specific achievement (Strickler, 2006). A manager could also congratulate his employees for their achievement by holding a meeting or fellowship-sponsored social gatherings, or a luncheon to present plaques, trophies or a certificate for their achievement, hard work, and dedication to a job well done.A Third major challenge a manger faces in motivating her employees today as opposed to 50 years ago is work performance evaluation. Manager must film certain facts about her employees before conducting a work performance evaluation. These facts or facets must include the growing difficulty of finding trained employees younger employees with contrastive approaches or attitudes about work diverse groups and older employees heading toward retirement. If a manager have regular dialogues with employees, then, work performance eva luation may not be entirely required (Strickler, 2006). Regular conversation eliminates negative feedback from a performance evaluation which could cause negative responses from the employee. Once again, sometime, performance evaluation is by chance pointless if a manager have regular conversations with employees. For example, employees will begin to know where they stand when manager create several direct-line of communication with them.Employees become consecrated to their supervisor or manager when the manager began to interact with his employees (Walumbwa & Hartnell, 2011). This interaction could be based on the manager participation in a casual conversation with his employees in the dine room, in the work place, in weekly meeting, or a manager could have a one-to-one conversation with individuals in regards to their work performance In Noe, Holllenbeck, Gerhart, & Wright (2011), an experiment manager knows that when employees have self-assurance in their ability to perform a c ertain task, they incline to work better, and they feel good within the organization. This simple means that productivity will increase and employees will have no fear of losing their job because they know where they stand. When the manager has gained the trust and respect of his employees, he can construct a good basic conversation with his employees and talk about their work performance and simply tell them how to maintain the company goals (Walumbwa & Hartnell, 2011). Respect is of the ultimate importance when motivating a person. A person feels unhappy if he is not respected and recognized for his achievements. In other words, pauperization shrinks if an important achievement goes undetected.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Brand Reinforcement

STRATEGIC BRAND MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT Birmingham University Business School Msc Marketing 1205306 TA-CHENG LIU Words 2992 caput Brands need to be troopsaged over time. This involves ToscanisToscanis. With reference to academic theory out channel how leaf blades open reinforced and revitalized themselves. You should illustrate your points with examples This paper aims to discuss that organizations how to exercise strategic actions to enhance instigant and revitalize scrape equity in strong competition. In terms of innovative merchandising, amounts of organizations want to be managed as punctuates in company to generate benefits and profits for organizations. Kapferer, 2008) and so, mugs be built on past grocery storeing efforts obtained from consumers. As Kapferer (2008) documented, instigators could be as well as seen as assets which produce benefits within considerable period. How of all time, blurs possibly encounter aging and decay in their lifecycle. (Keller, 1 999) Furthermore, some strike offs may be inability to compete in the strongly competitive commercialise, because consumers may win over their motivation on this category. In addition, regulations and advanced technology possibly influence stags losing their presence in the target market. Thomas & Kohli, 2009) Therefore, this paper pull up stakes discuss twain brands of cig bette, kookie vii and Marlboro. They bear suffered the difficulties at different moments, hence, both company had experience on brand reinforcement and brand revitalization. According to Thomas & Kohli (2009), brand enhancement aims to maintain the top-of-mind recall with consumers. Marketers actually could redesign marketing mix in recount to entwine position. More in-chief(postnominal)ly, brand equity will harp with brand extension. However, brand revitalization attempt to revive aging or decaying brands.When the brands are going to decay, the brand equity will fall at the comparable time. Ther efore, Wansink (2000) provided 7 steps include reposition and reaping innovation to rejuvenate brands. Indeed, Ind (2007) argued that storytelling is an separate important technique which integrates past experience and future snap of brands. Companies sometimes merely think about reposition, precisely describing a brand story could benefit companies building stronger relationship with consumers. Overall, companies should prepare long term strategy to concur the brand life.Moreover, I am convinced that brands need to transfer their communication channel besides traditional mass media. It benefits them extend brand image in consumers mind. According to Kaperer (2012), Brands are assets that could generate benefits to company within long time. Therefore, companies need to ceaselessly manage their brand equity over time in assure to avoid lose presence in the industry. Specifically, the standard of brands life could be defined as birth, growth, maturity, decline, and death. During the brand life cycle, companies inevitably encounter dynamics of market.Consequently, their brand equity may gradually suffer the difficulties and be diminished in the future. (Lehu, 2006) Therefore, marketers need consider brand reinforcement and brand revitalization to stick up the brand. Indeed, it is the important responsibility that determine the when the brand should assess reinforcing or revitalising for brand managers. As Keller documented (1999), brand reinforcement concentrates on avoiding brand aging and decaying. It will benefit companies fortify the brand image and brand awareness by innovating product and servicing in competitive market.On the other hand, brand revitalization in the first place recapturing the brand equity which has been decaying and aging over time. As for maintaining the brand equity in a long period, organizations need to conduct strategy for brand enhancement. The utilization of reinforcing brand is maintaining top-of-mind recall in the compet itive industry. (Thomas & Kohli, 2009) Literaturely, there are two major considerations of brand reinforcement for marketers staying at young stage and brand unanimity. In order to stay at youthful stage, marketers should create younger brand image to instead chronological age of brand.Specifically, companies could regularly advance their products or operate in order to adapt in dynamic environment. (Lehu, 2006) Therefore, Keller (2012) suggested that companies could enhance the product-related performance to raise the value of brands. Moreover, organizations could use either category extension or line extension to capabilityen brand awareness. On the other hand, reinforcing non-product-related performance of brands is anticipate to pursuit emotion and belief to consumers. Furthermore, I consider that excessive updating or extending may result in prejudicious perception of consumers.Actually, they possibly confused on overmuch products from the specific brand. Consequently, it will decrease the favorability of the brand. In addition, maintaining brand consistency is a crucial aspect of reinforcing brand. Because keeping loyal consumers is the most important task of the brand. Hence, marketers should protect their elements of brand equity advance. Nevertheless, brand managers could attempt to reformulate elements of brand equity under the consistency concept. I am convinced that it is important to integrate consistency and youthfulness at the same time for brands.Therefore, companies would redesign their marketing mix in order to meet the both objectives of brand enhancement. As for distri bution, companies can establish online shop to contact with youngsters in the digital generation. Moreover, they should enhance their service in order to easily contact with consumers. (Lehu, 2006) In terms of communication channel, he maintains that exhibitions are a vital medium which could demonstrate and promote products with consumers. It benefits companies fortify their brand image in consumers mind. In addition, event and sponsorship can reach more potential consumers due to widely exposing.Subsequently, companies could innovate their merchandising to strengthen the brand image. (Olaito, 2010) More importantly, brand research is most important technique before aforementioned actions. As LePla, Davis & Parker documented (2003), brand research can benefit companies for accord the need of new generation. Furthermore, brand managers need to monitor changes in consumer perceptions. (Thomas & Kohli, 2009) Hence, brand managers can conduct suitable strategies to adapt the trend. In order to apply the theory above in the real world, batty Seven is an adequate case to interpret brand reinforcement.It is the third most bay windowd tobacco in the industry. They prevail the domestic market and Asia market for long time because they continually maintaining brand equity. (http//www. jt. com) Moreover, their sales of global market gradually grew at th e current moment. (http//global. tobaccofreekids. org) Indeed, the company concentrates on younger smokers due to the increasing need of younger smokers. This targeting strategy benefited Mild Seven remain the younger brand image in the industry. Initially, Mild Seven attempt to develop variable products from 10mg of tar to 1 mg of tar of cigarettes.New products were generated with milder taste and lower level of tar to meet consumers requirement. (http//www. tobaccoasia. com) It is expected maximize brand equity by line extension. Furthermore, Mild Seven constantly advances new filter technologies to protect its advantages. As for box, Mild Seven reformulate some of brand image. The company created a symbolic image to support the brand name. Furthermore they use blue and white motif of appearance for whole products in order to youthfulness. (http//www. thedesignassoc. om) Although Mild Seven changed the part of image, the brand still maintained the consistency in consumers mind. M oreover, Mild Seven used the recycled materials on packaging for improving negative image when selling cigarettes. (http//www. thedesignassoc. com) Subsequently, Mild Seven sponsored a team of Formula One in order to expand brand exposure worldwide. It made a significant contribution to the brand awareness. (http//www. auto123. com) Moreover, the symbol of Mild Seven has been impressive in audiences mind in the global market. Ultimately, Mild Seven distinct to make cigarettes in Switzerland for quality license.Consequently, consumers in Europe have more confidence on its products. This efficiently enhances brand equity for Mild Seven. (http//www. ciggiesworld. com) Conversely, Marlboro is another significant example. It has ever become a decaying brand in 1950s, but they now are the best-selling cigarette brand in the world. (http//www. bukisa. com/) After revitalization, the company attempt to sustain the brand equity in a long period. Marlboro encountered several difficulties f ew decades ago such as advertising limit (http//www. marketingweek. co. uk) and healthy concern. Morgan, 2007) Therefore, the company decided to continually fortifying their branding equity to against dynamics. Because governments prohibit advertisement of cigarette on majority of mass media in majority of countries, Marlboro cannot promote their characters and products efficiently even though Marlboro Man has already been impressive in consumers mind. (http//www. marketingweek. co. uk) Consequently, the company moved into sponsorship which benefited the brand being exposed on mass media. (Hemdev, 2005) Refer to Lehu (2006) mentioned, Marlboro transferred their distribution to night clubs which are admitted promotion for adult. Hemdev, 2005) It benefited the company reach target consumers directly. Simultaneously, Marlboro changed the product name with different color before the FDA limited misleading brand name. (Hemdev, 2005) It may decrease the attempt of brand equity because ch anging brand name suddenly results in making consumers confused. entirely Marlboro still attempted to remain the brand consistency over time. To maximize brand equity, Marlboro developed an electronically heated cigarette for smokers who concern health issues. Moreover, it will benefit the company expanding brand association into the potential market and improving healthy concern.In addition, Marlboro authorized the brand name for clothing manufacture. (http//www. marlborooriginals. co. za) It benefits them maximizing brand awareness when implementing category extension. The cases indicate that both brands actively implement brand reinforcement in order to fortify their competition in the cigarette industry. However, both companies use similar strategies for strengthening brand equity. It possibly decreases degree of strength and uniqueness of brand associations. Hence, I concur that brands are expected to differentiate promotion because unique brand enhancement could attract consu mers attention.As for youthfulness, brands should concentrate on earnings medium and social media in the digital generation because younger generations spend a lot of time on it. Consequently, brands could reach more potential consumers than before. In addition, there are less limits of advertisement of cigarette than normal mass media. Companies have more opportunities to reinforce their brand equity. On the other hand, some brands have already lost their value from consumers. Therefore, marketers need to rejuvenate the decaying brands in order to revive in the market. Thomas & Kohli, 2012) In addition, some organizations are interested in acquiring aging brands or declining brands and they attempt to reinvent the brands. It may benefit them expanding to different market. (Kaperer, 2012) In terms of revitalization process, Berry (1988) suggested that 7 steps of revitalizing strategy for companies. Initially, it needs to reposition innovative products or services with high quality. This probably gets consumers attention again. Secondly, the quality should be connected with their heritage and reputation.Thirdly, companies need to mend customer relationship in order to benefit the brands. Moreover, marketers should accelerate visible brand value to consumers. Subsequently, promoting the unique selling point is crucial to differentiate antecedent products and competitors. Specifically, brand manager should pursue additional value and good quality at competitive price to consumers. Moreover, companies could also provide superior functional benefits which may refurbish the brand image. (Thomas & Kohli, 2009) In addition, organizations should integrate rejuvenation with marketing mix.More importantly, brands need to hold an event or campaign in order to announce their revitalization. excessively 7 steps, Keller (2012) mentioned that brand manager could identify additional or innovative usage with consumers on brand revitalization simultaneously, they sometimes identify different direction to utilize a brand. Therefore, reposition becomes a common technique of revitalization, but brand managers have to carefully define a new target market when they decided to reposition the brands. (Thomas & Kohli, 2009) However, there are some risks when companies assess the reposition strategy.Firstly, it is difficult to change brand image for consumers due the stereotype. Secondly, consumers may confuse amidst the previous image and new brand image. Finally, it possibly loses loyal consumers. (Keller, 2012) In order to rejuvenate brand image, most organizations attempt to modify the visual identity of brand. Indeed, changing the brand name is a frequent revitalization strategy by marketers. It could improve negative image of original brand name with consumers. However, renaming the brand probably decrease the degree of loyalty, brand recall and brand association. Keller, 2012) In addition, Mininni (n. d. ) suggest that revitalization needs to transfer the logo, trademark and trade dress could refresh brand image. But it may require repackaging with innovative products to younger generation at the same time. Although modifying either brand name or logo is expected to promote innovative meaning of brand to consumers, companies possibly invent huge amounts of expenditure on interpreting a new identity from an old one. Indeed changing the colors and the fonts is an easier and cheaper action for modifying visual identity and moving toward the fresh image.According to Ind (2007), storytelling is another tool for brand revitalization. Consumers and companies could be engaged in the story which describes brand history. Because brands possibly become aging within long time, consumers gradually have weak association with aging brands. Hence, Storytelling is a crucial medium to awake consumers warehousing of brands. In fact, I am convinced that storytelling could efficiently benefit companies on consumer retention while companies change t he elements of brand equity. Additionally, celebrity kisser is a expedient technique for brand revitalization.Because celebrities can provide additional value from celebrities image, they can improve brand image and attract consumers attention for aging brands. Moreover, celebrity endorsement could extend communication channel of brand such as TV, magazine, activities and film. Consequently, companies attempt to sign a contract with younger and fashionable in order to move youthfulness. Furthermore, celebrity could easily build association when companies assess repositioning. However, celebrity endorsement sometime has negative impact on brand image when celebrities have negative behaviors or news.More importantly, organizations should carefully choose suitable celebrities who own the public image as same as brand. (Lehu, 2006) The Marlboro Cigarettes is a famous example to understand the revitalization steps in reality. In the early period, Marlboro Cigarettes failed on female m arket in the United Stated in 1902. They initially introduced the campaign Mild as May in order to reach ladys image. Furthermore, they tried to design red tips with cigarettes in order to meet females requirement, but it did not benefit the sales of Marlboro. (http//www. bukisa. om/) In addition, the need of cigarette annually increased in the United Stated during the World of War II, whereas, Marlboro gradually was taken off the market due to weak brand awareness. Consequently, Marlboro tried to launch the filtered cigarettes for the female markets. The new products also aimed to against a study linking smoking to lung cancer. (http//voices. yahoo. com) However, the strategy could not benefit the company getting strong presence in the market. It is evidenced that Marlboro failed on brand enhancement even though they worked hard for consumers perception. http//www. bukisa. com/) Therefore, Marlboro decided to alone revitalize the brand position. The company changed the target con sumer from females to males with a campaign called tattooed man. The character is expected significantly establishing strong image in consumers mind, because the stereotype of man was a worker, a captain, a marine and an adventure in the United Stated in 1900s. Specifically, Marlboro created a cowboy as the Marlboro man in advertisement. (http//adage. com) The companies also use celebrity endorsement as Marlboro Man to strengthen their personality.Since then, the cowboy has become an impressive image for both smokers and non-smokers when they thought about Marlboro. As for product innovation, Marlboro developed a longer and white color of appearance of cigarettes. Compared to competitors, it was a unique feature which appealed high quality of cigarettes to consumers. http//www. bukisa. com/ Simultaneously, Marlboro redesigned the packaging with red, white and black-lettered in order to convey the independent spirit. (Hemdev, 2005) After revitalization, Marlboro turned round in the c igarette market in the USA.Furthermore, the brand became the premium brand and market leader in the world. As a result, the theory of Berry (1988) is convinced to success on brand revitalization. Comparing to Marlboro, Mild Seven did the brand well for long time, but the company plans to revitalize brand due to moving to global market. In order to obtain more market share in the regions besides Asia, Mild Seven decided to create a new brand name, Mevius which instead of Mild Seven. (http//www. jt. com/) In fact, the new name would benefit the company adapting in FDAs policy of brand name.Although Mevius is a new name, it still remained the meaning of brand. Furthermore, the new name is expected to evaluate to premium position for western consumers. In addition, the packaging strategy keeps the icon and color of origin with new exterior design. (White, 2012) Indeed, Mild Seven integrated brand equity of past and future this may decrease risk of brand association with consumers. Both brands attempt to reposition their brand equity for revitalization, but they did not efficiently connect to previous elements.Mild Seven and Marlboro have rich heritage in the industry, they could actually utilize their history conveying a story to consumers. As Ind documented (2007), storytelling can remind the consumers perception on brands. Moreover, it benefits brands retaining older consumers. In my opinion, the best technique of brand revitalization will retain the loyal consumers and refresh brand equity at the same time. In conclusion, brand reinforcement and brand revitalization are crucial consideration for brand managers. Both of them have similar strategy in the market, but they are implemented at different moment.Therefore, organizations tend to maintain brand consistency and protect source of brand equity in order to survive in the competitive environment. Although most of scholars assert that brand should consistently evaluate their products and consumers perception, I personally consider that organizations need to innovate their communication channels in the in advance(p) society. Because of advanced media, people would obtain information widely therefore, Strengthen communication benefit brand fortifying brand equity and easily contacting with more potential consumers.On the other hand, companies concentrate on refreshing brand image by brand revitalization hence, they always reposition the brand to improve negative brand equity. But it is expensive to reposition brands, some brand managers would redesign logo and packaging to rejuvenate brands. It possibly diminish the degree of risk for companies. In fact, I assert that it may be dangerous to rename the brand, which may lose their heritage with consumers. Although Mild Seven was successful on the decision, most consumers can not cogitate it between the Mevius and Mild Seven.In my opinion, revitalized brand should convey messages in order to make younger generations realizing brand heritage and value. It could build stronger relationship with consumers. In addition, rest brand history benefit companies retaining loyal consumers. Overall, brand managers should conduct long term strategy before building brands because sustaining brand equity is a fat contribution to companies. References A Busy Year for Japan Tobacco (2012) lendable from http//www. tobaccoasia. com/previous-issues/95-articles-q2-12/519-a-busy-year-for-japan-tobacco. tml Accessed on 3 troop 2013. Berry, N. C. (1988) Revitalizing brands. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 5 (3) 15-21. Burnet, L. (1999) The Marlboro Man. procurable from http//adage. com Accessed on 2 March 2013 Hemdev, P. A. (2005) Marlboro-A Mini Case Study. The Marketing Review, 5, 73-96 Ind, N. 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